Meningitis is a serious disease caused by inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges). This inflammation usually occurs as a result of infection. Meningitis can progress very quickly and can cause permanent damage or death if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are vital in combating this disease.

What Causes Meningitis?

Meningitis can be caused by many different microorganisms (microscopic organisms). We can examine these in three main groups:

1. Bacterial Meningitis

The most dangerous type. It is usually seen in children, the elderly or people with weak immune systems. It progresses rapidly and requires urgent treatment.

The most common bacteria:

Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Haemophilus influenzae
2. Viral Meningitis

It is milder. It usually heals on its own in individuals with strong immune systems. Some viruses that cause colds can trigger this condition.

3. Rare Types of Meningitis

Fungal (caused by fungi): It is seen in people with very weak immune systems.
Tuberculosis Meningitis: It occurs when tuberculosis bacteria reach the brain membranes.
Parasites and other rare factors

How Does Meningitis Occur?

Microorganisms first mix with the blood, then reach the brain membranes and cause inflammation. This inflammation puts pressure on the brain tissue and can lead to serious problems.

What are the Symptoms?

Meningitis symptoms may vary depending on age and the type of disease. However, the following complaints are generally seen:

Sudden onset of high fever
Severe headache
Neck stiffness (inability to bend your head forward)
Sensitivity to light
Nausea, vomiting
Drowsiness, blurred consciousness
Restlessness in babies, poor sucking, swelling in the fontanelle
Skin rash (especially in meningococcal infections)
Remember: Not every headache is meningitis, but if these symptoms are present, you should definitely see a health institution.

How is Meningitis Diagnosed?

If doctors suspect meningitis, they perform some tests:

Lumbar Puncture (taking fluid from the waist): This is the most important test. The type of meningitis is understood by examining the cerebrospinal fluid.
Blood tests
Computed tomography or MRI: It can be done to see the condition in the brain.

What is the Treatment?

1. Bacterial Meningitis

This type is a very urgent situation. Antibiotics are given intravenously in the hospital. If necessary, the inflammation is controlled with medications such as cortisone.

2. Viral Meningitis

Mostly, no special treatment is required. The patient is given supportive treatment (fever reducers, rest, plenty of fluids). However, antiviral medications can be used against some viruses.

3. Other Types

Antifungal (fungal killing) medications are used in fungal meningitis.
Long-term antibiotic treatment is required in tuberculosis meningitis.

Can Meningitis Be Prevented?

Yes! Bacterial meningitis in particular can be largely prevented with vaccines.
Vaccines:

Pneumococcal Vaccine (PCV13, PPSV23)
Meningococcal Vaccine (ACWY and group B)
Hib Vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae B)
These vaccines are administered in childhood or to people at risk.

What Problems Does Meningitis Cause?

If the disease is severe or treated late:

Hearing loss
Mental retardation
Epilepsy
Learning difficulties
Permanent problems such as vision loss may occur.

For this reason, early diagnosis is very important!

Conclusion

Meningitis is a serious disease that should not be taken lightly. If there are symptoms such as headache, fever and neck stiffness, a doctor should be consulted without delay. Being protected with vaccination, paying attention to hygiene rules and keeping the immune system strong are the most effective ways to protect yourself from meningitis.